Gregor Mendels Theories Of Genetic Inheritance :: essays research papers

Gregor Mendels Theories of Genetic InheritanceGregor Mendel played a huge role in the underlying principles of geneticinheritance. He grew up in a Augustinian brotherhood where he learnedagricultural training with basic education. He then went on to the OlmutzPhilisophical Institute and then entered the Augustinian Monestary in 1843.After 3 years of theological studies, Mendel went to the University of Viennawhere he was influenced by 2 professors, the physicist Doppler and a botanistnamed Unger. Here he learned to study science through experimentation andaroused his interest in the causes of variation in plants. Then in 1857, Mendelbegan breeding garden peas in the abbey garen to study inheritance which lead tohis law of Segregation and independent assortment.Mendels Law of Segregation stated that the members of a paror ofhomologous chromosomes segregate during meiosis and are distributed to diametrical gametes. This hypothesis can be divided into four main ideas. Thefirst idea is that alternative versions of genes account for variations ininherited characters. Different alleles will take a crap different variations ininherited characters. The sescond idea is that for each character, an organisminherits two genes, one form each parent. So this means that a homolohous locimay claim matching alleles, as in the true-breeding plants of Mendels Pgeneration(parental). If the alleles differ, then there will be F hybrids. Thethird idea states that if the two alleles differ, the receessive allele will ware no affect on the organisms appearance. So a F hybrid plant that haspurple flowers, the dominant allele will be the purple-color allele and the recessionary allele would be the white-color allele.

Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth as Tragic Hero of Shakespeares Macbeth Is Macbeth the tragic hero of the wreak Macbeth? This question may seem to be redundant however, not all of Shakespeares Tragedies are named after their tragic heroes. For example, Julius Caesar is not the tragic hero of Julius Caesar. A tragic hero moldiness conform to a set of vitrineistics which evolved all the way from ancient to medieval times. Macbeth conforms to these characteristics and is the tragic hero of Macbeth. The closing of an ordinary person in Medieval times was not considered tragic. This idea was based on the notion of fall. If a peasant died, his death meant very little because he had not far to fall. In other words, a peasant did not have much of a life to lose. However, if a king or noble were to die, his death would be a very long fall, since to the Medieval mind, he had a great deal to lose. Macbeth is a very important person. He is a first cousin to the king of Scotland. He is the highest ranki ng noble, the thane of Cawdor and Glamis, and a general of the Scottish army. He also becomes the king of Scotland later in the play. Despite his status, he has a character defect. A tragic hero must have a character flaw. This character flaw causes him to make an error in judgment, a mistaken act, which leads to his downfall. Because Macbeth is ambitious, he wants to become king. In order to take over the throne, he kills Duncan, and thus move overs his terrible crime, and eventually is punished. The tragic hero must deserve his fate. He must not simply make a mistake, like stepping off a curb in front of a moving vehicle. He must commit some terrible crime for which he is punished. People of the Elizabethan Period were well aware of the problems created when kings are murdered. The Fifteenth Century was a period of close constant ruinous civil war in England. The dire consequences of this act are a constant theme in Shakespeares plays. According to the medieval s cheme of Divine Right, God appoints the king, thus Macbeth committed a religious crime when he kills the king.

History of Indonesia :: essays research papers

Early empiresBy the time of the European Renaissance, the islands of Java and Sumatra had already enjoyed a thousand-year inheritance of civilization spanning two major empires. During the 7th to 14th centuries, the Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya flourished on Sumatra. Chinese traveller I Ching visited its capital, Palembang, around 670. At its peak, the Srivijaya Empire reached as far as West Java and the Malay Peninsula. Also by the 14th century, the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit had risen in eastern Java. Gajah Mada, the empires chief take care from 1331 to 1364, succeeded in gaining allegiance from most of what is now modern Indonesia and much of the Malay archipelago as well. Legacies from Gajah Madas time include a codification of law and an epic poem. Reasons for the pass away of these empires remain obscure. Islam arrived in Indonesia sometime during the 12th century and, through assimilation, supplanted Hinduism by the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Bali, howeve r, remains overwhelmingly Hindu. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands. Colonial epochBeginning in 1602 the Dutch gradually established themselves as approach patternrs of what is now Indonesia, exploiting the fractionalization of the small kingdoms that had replaced Majapahit. The most notable exception was Portuguese Timor, which remained under Portuguese rule until 1975 when it was invaded and occupied, becoming the Indonesia province of East Timor. The Netherlands controlled Indonesia for almost 350 years, excluding a short period of British rule in part of the islands after Anglo-Dutch Java War and the Nipponese occupation during World War II. During their rule the Dutch developed the Dutch East Indies into one of the worlds richest colonial possessions. During the first decade of the 20th century an Indonesian independence movement began, and it expanded rapidly between the two World Wars. Its leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. Many, including Indonesias first president, Sukarno (1945-67), were imprisoned for political activities. World War IIIn May 1940 the Netherlands surrendered to Germany (see World War II). The Dutch East Indies declared a terra firma of siege and in July re-directed exports for Japan to the US and Britain. Negotiations with the Japanese aimed at securing supplies of aviation fuel collapsed in June 1941, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year.

Essay --

Heart of Darkness, Things light upon Apart, and Learning to Bow are three works which gain insights on indigenous societies and cultural conflicts. Heart of Darkness and Learning to Bow both provide insights on indigenous societies from the eyes of outsiders from completely different coatings. Things F exclusively Apart is different than the other two readings in the sense that it is written from the perspective of an indigenous person. All three works clearly provide An insightful perspective of indigenous society a penetrating analysis of culture conflicts.Heart of Darkness is written from the perspective of a European sailor named Marlow who travels to Africa and ends up working for the Company, which is a trading company in Africa. Soon after arriving in Africa, Marlow notices a group of enslaved Africans walking in a single file away line. He notices how malnourished they are and says I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope each had an iro n color on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking. (Conrad 10) It does not take long for Marlow to realize how horribly Africans are being treated at the hands of Europeans, the Company in particular. He noticed the face of a young slave near his hand when he was observing his surroundings and gave him a biscuit. Right after seeing these malnourished and mistreated natives, Marlow meets the companys chief accountant, a man who was so well dressed and groomed that Marlow vista he was a vision at first. Unlike the natives, who wear rags, the chief accountant has a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clean necktie, and varnished boots... ... effects of imperialism on natives and white men in Africa. The Company has enslaved many natives and one of its officials, Kurtz, goes insane because he is in the jungle by himself with no moral compass to guide him and after the nati ves start to view him as a demigod, he starts to believe it. Learning to Bow is a journey into Japanese culture from the eyes of an American who ends up teaching the Japanese a lot about his own culture. Throughout his time in Japan, he is faced with what he calls the widespread myth of Japanese uniqueness and encounters many Japanese who believe that he cant understand their culture because he isnt one of them. This reading is unlike the others because it takes place in Asia, not Africa. Things Fall Apart is an insight into indigenous African culture from an insider and shows how various and complex Africa is.

Lacanian Mirror Stage: Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Lacanian Mirror Stage Oedipus the King The essence of this paper is to determine whether or not Jocasta played a more than important role in the rise and fall of the title character. The paper will examine the play Oedipus Tyrannus through the eyes of the French theorizer Jacques Lacan. Specifically the paper will focus on the mirror stage of Lacans theories. As to the criteria that the paper will use, there are some truths that need to be established about the Lacanian division of thinking. In Lacans way of thought, we all have repressed desires, and these desires can never be fulfilled. In language, there are resemblingeternal desires that cannot be satiated. Lacan carries this further in identifying the patriarchal society with which we live in as being founded on mens words. Therefore, women have no phonate in this world and cannot be satisfied in their life times. For one to better understand Jocastas character, one must have a knowledge of Lacanian theory, on which it is based. Lacans mirror stage, originally espoused by Freud, and its relationship to the conscious and un- consciousness. Freud believed that when a baby looked at an image of him/herself in a mirror, they would at a certain situation in their development realize that the reflection was him/herself they were seeing. It is at this moment in a childs life that the ego is formed, or the formation of a self-awareness. This ego is bewilder in all people it serves as a reminder of who we are and where we came from. However, Freud reasoned that to be a fully developed human, we must move on from the simple realization that we are ourselves. We must know or come to know that we arent the only ones in the mirror. The child, our selves and our egos, must also realize that our mother is there in the reflection with us. In doing so we begin to understand that we are not the only ones in the image, and therefore, not the center of being. Moreover, we turn to our mothers and look at them, breakin g the egotistic stare. It is the ability to break the primary concern of viewing ourselves that allows us to move into society. We must be able to break that self touch stare and focus it on our Mothers or society as it were. Thus constitutes the mirror stage of Freuds theory.

Lacanian Mirror Stage: Oedipus the King :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Lacanian Mirror Stage Oedipus the King The essence of this authorship is to determine whether or not Jocasta played a more important theatrical role in the rise and f entirely of the title character. The paper will examine the play Oedipus Tyrannus through the eyes of the French theorist Jacques Lacan. Specifically the paper will focalise on the mirror stage of Lacans theories. As to the criteria that the paper will use, there are some truths that need to be established or so the Lacanian division of thinking. In Lacans way of thought, we all have repressed desires, and these desires can never be fulfilled. In language, there are similareternal desires that cannot be satiated. Lacan carries this further in identifying the patriarchal society with which we live in as being founded on mens words. Therefore, women have no voice in this ball and cannot be satisfied in their life times. For one to better understand Jocastas character, one must have a knowledge of Lacanian theory, on which it is based. Lacans mirror stage, primarily espoused by Freud, and its relationship to the conscious and un- consciousness. Freud believed that when a baby looked at an image of him/herself in a mirror, they would at a certain point in their cultivation realize that the comment was him/herself they were seeing. It is at this moment in a childs life that the ego is formed, or the formation of a self-awareness. This ego is present in all people it serves as a reminder of who we are and where we came from. However, Freud reasoned that to be a fully developed human, we must move on from the simple actualisation that we are ourselves. We must know or come to know that we arent the only ones in the mirror. The child, our selves and our egos, must also realize that our mother is there in the reflection with us. In doing so we begin to understand that we are not the only ones in the image, and therefore, not the center of being. Moreover, we turn to our mothers and look at them, breaking the vain stare. It is the ability to break the primary concern of viewing ourselves that allows us to move into society. We must be able to break that self concerned stare and focus it on our Mothers or society as it were. Thus constitutes the mirror stage of Freuds theory.

Food Inc Evaluation Paper

variegation Economy in Las Vegas Las Vegas is lagging behind many cities in the recovery because we were in such(prenominal) worse shape than intimately cities, David Christianson, who is a TCA 449 professor in University of Nevada, Las Vegas who is a knowledgeable international tourism professor said so in my personalized interview, Since we are a mono sparing, any kind of variegation would be helpful. The dominating preservation in Las Vegas are from gaming, tourism, convention and meeting, which then could guard and get down the restaurant industry. Therefore, the economy of Las Vegas needs diversification to develop deeply.The economy of Las Vegas relies on consumer spending however it has not yet recovered since the economic crisis in 2008, this is collect to that this city relies so much on discretionary spending which lead to the result that its recovery depart be slower than the rest of the country. For this reason, Las Vegas needs diversification economy to a grea ter extentover needs to seek some environmental-friendly industries that will not bring burden to the frolic town environment. Diversification economy wills bring more(prenominal) profit, government revenues, export income and recitation.Many people said that tough Las Vegas need diversification economy, there is no industry fit for Las Vegas. They think if we want to set up new industry in Las Vegas will cost much money and get a little bit benefit. Any counselling, the diversification economy is the best way to annihilate poverty. The diversification economy in Las Vegas clear bring many benefits. The first thing stern increase economy. The affable development pattern permit us know the growth of economy is not everything gets development, yet it is the heart of development.The economy development is the best way to solve unemployment crisis, it can provide more traffic for people, at the same epoch, and people can get heightser(prenominal) salary. People energise mon ey will promote the consumption level. Moreover, it is means higher tax rate. Because of higher tax rate, the government will have more budgets. Therefore, people will have meliorate hospital, better university, and better public utility. And overly the government will promote the development of infrastructure and manufacturing.Someone will say lots of investment can increase economy, moreover this is not a sour thing. We know that the American housing crisis is a negative face. If we want to make our Las Vegas become rich city must set up some concrete industry can make money for Las Vegas, according to Henny, from his essay China land price fall threatens local finances, he said most small cities, poor cities, they lack of diversification economy. The heart of development is economy, if we dont have a well(p) economy how we can develop entertainment, education, and phaeton industry.Chinese always say economy is the foundation of a large building, if the foundation not good, the building will collapse, when the building collapsed if we want to rebuild it, we need devote more money and attention to rebuild it. It is the reason why the Chinese increase rapidly. Diversification economy in Las Vegas can promote the equity among people. Diversification economy brings many job and higher salary. Therefore, the gap between rich and poor will be shortened. Moreover, it will promote the benign competition. The equity can create a good social environment in Las Vegas.It will reduce crime, less beggar and also make people have a better situation in heart. The happiness will at a high level in Las Vegas. According to the UN general secretary Ban Ki moon in World Day of Social Justice in 20 Feb 2011 what he said is social equity not only the ethic, but also it is ground subject field of social and countrys prosperity. We cannot ignore benefit of equity in diversification economy. If there is high quality equity in Las Vegas, the right of culture, political, econom y and education will get better protection. In former(a) words the equity is the foundation of harmony.The diversification economy also brings the stability. Firstly, is the social stability, the high unemployment in Las Vegas could cause seriously threat to social stability. Consequently, Las Vegas should build more industry reduce the unemployment rate. Chinese think just about the 8 pct economic growth is the best rate to protect the social stability. Secondly, is the economic stability, Las Vegas only rely on the hospitality industry, it is not stability. Like above mentioned, Macao is evanesce Las Vegas in hospitality industry recent years.On the other hand, hospitality has off season, when the off season comes, what can support economy in Las Vegas? In pasture to let us Las Vegas being alive, Las Vegas needs more different industry to support the economy, it is insurance for long term economic development. Las Vegas diversification economy will promote production capacity. If Las Vegas has diversification economy, there are many industries and factories, the quantity of products will increase. Meanwhile at the same time, Las Vegas will have more constituent for GDP in United Stated. It is means Las Vegas will have more budgets and expand the ity scale. I remembered I pick uped the definition of production capacity in my Chinese high school is that the ability of human beings to modify the nature. If we have diversification economy in Las Vegas we will have a stronger ability to change the nature, we can use more nature resource make more products for the human beings society in the new industry and factory in Las Vegas. As you see, the production capacity which bring by diversification economy can be ignored. It is also a tumid benefit. The last benefit is widely known, of course, it is the employment opportunities.The diversification economy will bring many new industry and new factory in Las Vegas. Therefore, there are many new job opportunities for people in Las Vegas. On other hand, Las Vegas will attract many people come from all over the world to find a good job and settled down in Las Vegas. It will promote Las Vegas become a larger city, if many people settled down in Las Vegas and work in Las Vegas. We always heard something like this we improve the employment rate this year from news or government report, but did you ever think about that what bring many employment opportunity?This is based on many new industries and new factories and then brings many employment opportunities. This is a simple principle, but always ignored by people. According to the Report Las Vegas needs to diversify export economy written by Robison who is a famous author in Las Vegas Review Journal, The total export in Las Vegas is about 7 billion dollars and in the growing of export at position twelfth at time between 2003 and 2008 among 100 biggest cities in United Stated.Las Vegas is number 72nd among 100 biggest cities GDP, the contribution is almost 8percent in the total GDP of 100 biggest cites in United Stated. however the people who live in Las Vegas, try know they should do something to save Las Vegas, they know Macao have more gambling scale than Las Vegas, Las Vegas is not yet gambling first place in the world. Therefore, people should think about to built a new industry to support the large city. Las Vegas needs to diversification economy urgently. I studied in Seattle for one year. In my eyes, the diversification economy in Seattle is very successful.For example, a lot of big companies in Seattle like Boeing and Microsoft. The big companies contribute for GDP have a great influence. According to Brad Smith who is general counsel in Microsoft said that employment contributed by Microsoft or so 29 percent in Washington State in past twenty years. There are many industry in Seattle is very good. altogether I know that aerospace industry, information technology industry, bioscience industry, cleans technology , environmental industry and international trade in Seattle are the outstanding industries.In Las Vegas, we also can learn from Seattle, we should have some outstanding industries beside hospitality industry. If we have many great industries, we need more talents. Therefore, we will have good education in university. Seattle has a university named University of Washington this university is a great university in the world. If we have diversification economy in Las Vegas the UNLV not just good at the hospitality major. Another example I want to compare with Las Vegas is Detroit. Long time ago Detroit named Americas Paris because in this city have many Gilded age building.Today, based on my sociology what I learned in Green River Community College, the pillar industry in Detroit include auto industry, iron and steel industry, woodworking plane and tank industry, chemistry industry, metal industry, wood industry and shipping industry. But all the industries in Detroit are based on aut o industry, this is a regular(prenominal) city which one is Las Vegas should to learn. We can set up many industries around our hospitality industry. In this way, we still the casino city and we have many industries to support the city.Sooner or later, we will defeat Macao and become the best hospitality city again with our strong economic agent from our diversification economy. There is a beau monde named City Center based on the hospitality industry to develop the high technology. They invented a kind of automatic adit and plan to install this door for every guest room moreover they use automatic technology on TV and many devices in guest rooms (CityCenter, Robison). Many political party can leaned from City Center to develop the high technology for Las Vegas, for example we can use robots to cook food for customer and clean the guest rooms.If we have the hotel robots industry we can have more employment opportunities and we can sell the hotel robots for hotel. City Center al so have a gem pit, they use the stone to build hotel. (CityCenter, Robinson) We can see many nature stone around Las Vegas we can use those stone make money. What industry is fit for Las Vegas? Firstly, the solar power generation is best one. We know Las Vegas has solar power generation already, but it is not enough. If the solar power can support the electric power of whole city, and also has surplus power to sell for other city, other states and even other country.Secondly, stone and mining industry. The countless nature stone around Las Vegas, this is the peck of Las Vegas. We can mine the stone and use it build our hotel and also we can sell stone for other state and other country. Thirdly, the high technology is other good industry. We are in America, the high technology country in the world. We should take advantage of our high technology which we already have, and create new high technology to benefit people in Las Vegas. The last thing is the professional sport team.If we have professional sport team not only we can make money from sport game, but also we can make money from our sport team clothes, cap, cup and so on. In conclusion, the benefit of diversification economy in Las Vegas cannot be ignored. It is not just the economy benefit more over is sustainable development in Las Vegas. People need better life and stable life. If we have diversification economy, the education, medical treatment, and welfare system will have a great improvement. Therefore, we must have diversification economy in Las Vegas.

The Non-Proliferation Treaty: Its Establishment, Issues

The Non-Proliferation Treaty Its establishment, Issues, and Current Status On barelyt on 21, 1963, President John Kennedy warned in a press conference, I see the possibility in the 1970s of the president of the United States having to face a land in which 15 or 20 or 25 nations may confuse atomic weapons. I regard that as the greatest possible in credentials and hazard. Kennedy made this citement a month after a secret Department of Defense memorandum assessed that eight countries Canada, China, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and watt Germ whatever would likely have the tycoon to produce atomic weapons within the next 10 years after 1963.It was further assessed that beyond those 10 years, the incoming costs of atomic weapons programs would decrease and tender way for several more states to pursue thermo atomic weapons, especi eachy if unrestricted testing continued. Fear of the overspread of nuclear weapons to vast nation states and superpowers including their military and ideological allies is what urged the creation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Signed on July 1, 1968 and actually implemented on skirt 5, 1970, the NPT is a result of a compilation of efforts at enforcing international non-proliferation.With President Dwight D. Eisenhower barter for a new international agency to share nuclear materials and information for peaceful pur go downs with other countries in his Atoms for Peace delivery to the UN General Assembly on December 1953, the way was made for the Non-Proliferation Treaty to come into existence when the UN established The International Atomic Energy potency (IAEA) on July 29, 1957 as result of negotiations sparked from Eisenhowers proffer.President Dwight Eisenhower proposed to the UN General Assembly the negotiation of a conformity that would seek to operate nuclear activities around the world and prevent, if possible, the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries. However, President Eisenhowers s peech to the UN General Assembly came after the failure of before U. S. nonproliferation efforts. When the United States stood as the only neat nuclear power in the world at the end of World War II, President Harry Truman proposed to destroy the U. S. uclear arsenal if other countries would agree non to acquire nuclear weapons and would permit inspections to verify that agreement. This proposal was presented as the Baruch Plan in 1946 and implied that the United States turn over control of all its enriched uranium, including that in any nuclear weapons it had, to a new UN body over which the United States and the other permanent members of the guarantor Council would have a veto. In addition to already pursuance its own nuclear weapons, the Soviets rejected this plan on the grounds that the United Nations was dominated by the United States and its allies in Western Europe.Therefore, the Soviets lay outd it could non be trusted to exercise authority over atomic weaponry in a f air manner. They proposed that America eliminate its nuclear weapons before considering proposals for a brass of rules of controls and inspections. On the other hand, the United States, would not surrender its weapons to the agency until inspectors were on duty in the Soviet Union and in other countries with nuclear likely (Bellany 1985). With the Baruch Plan not going as planned, the U. S.Congress enacted the 1946 Atomic Energy Act which encompassed provisions designed to keep nuclear technology secret from other countries but then was amended to authorize nuclear assistance to others alike the IAEA which was created to provide both assistance and inspectors for peaceful nuclear activities after Eisenhower proposed providing assistance to other countries in the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The United States, followed by the Soviet Union, France, and others began providing research reactors that used weapons-usable highly enriched uranium to non-nuclear-weapon states around th e world.These transfers and the training that accompanied the reactors helped scientists in many countries square off about nuclear fission and its potential uses other than in good measure. As these scientists became more versed in the uses of nuclear energy through the resources be provided to them, global support increased for controlling the spread of the new technology in order to prevent its use for weapons. This led to Ireland proposing the first resolution at the United Nations on October 17, 1958 to prohibit the further dissemination of nuclear weapons.On March 21, 1963, the UN General Assembly unanimously approved dissolving agent 1665, ground on the earlier Irish limn resolution, reads that countries already having nuclear weapons would infratake to refrain from relinquishing control of them to others and would refrain from transmitting information for their manufacture to states not possessing them. In addition, countries without nuclear weapons would agree not to receive or manufacture them. These ideas formed the basis of the NPT (Bunn 2008).The United States then took another step toward non-proliferation and submitted a simple draft treaty of the NPT based on the resolution to the Soviet Union when a new eighteen nation Disarmament Conference opened in geneva in 1962. Adversely, the Soviet response insisted that the treaty prohibit the arrangements between the United States and NATO allies such as West Germany for deployment in their countries of U. S. nuclear weapons under the control of U. S. soldiers.The stated purposes of these weapons were to protect these countries if ever in the event of an attack on them by the Soviet Union and its allies. The U. S. also proposed for implementation of a multilateral take in in which would be a fleet of submarines and warships each manned by international NATO crews and build up with multiple nuclear armed Polaris ballistic missiles. The proposal was inspired by the complaints of NATO countries w hich voiced that the nuclear defense of Europe was be builden to the Ameri put ups, who held the bulk of nuclear capability.Instead of an array of different independent forces ultimately acting under their own domestic banners on the waters, the result would be a fleet of warships manned and operated by general NATO command in broader cooperative efforts but the Soviets argue to this. Later, a compromise was reached where US eventually gave up on efforts toward the multilateral force and the Soviets gave up on a prohibition against U. S. deployment of nuclear weapons in West Germany and other allied countries under the condition the provided weapons remained under sole control of U.S. personnel (Bellany 1985). On June 12, 1968 The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2373 which endorsed the draft textbook of the nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. The vote was 95 to 4 with 21 abstentions. The four no votes were Albania, Cuba, Tanzania, and Zambia. The treaty was signed by the Sovi et Union, United Kingdom, and the United States. Article IX of the treaty established that foundation into force would hold the treatys ratification by those three countries and 40 additional states.It was by this time, five nations had develop a nuclear weapons capability the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China. On February 13, 1960, France postulateed its first nuclear test explosion, establishing it as the the worlds fourth nuclear armed state after the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. Then China conducted its first nuclear test explosion on October 16, 1964 placing it as the worlds fifth nuclear armed state and leading to the acceleration of Indias nuclear program ( Bunn 2008).China and France were recognized as nuclear-weapon states under the treaty but did not sign it. China argued the treaty was discriminatory and simply refused to adhere to it. On the other hand, France implied that it would not sign the treaty but would be have in the early in this field exactly as the states adhering to the Treaty. The treaty distinguishes between obligations of two parties such as nuclear-weapon states who are defined as those states parties which exploded a nuclear device prior to January 1, 1967 and non-nuclear weapon states which are all other states.The treaty called prohibition on non-nuclear-weapon states from having nuclear weapons and called for the IAEA to be permitted to carry out inspections to guarantee that their nuclear programs were limited to peaceful uses. In particular, the resolution asked the countries possessing nuclear weapons to refrain from relinquishing control of nuclear weapons and from transmitting information necessary for their manufacture to nations not possessing nuclear weapons.Second, it recommended that states not possessing nuclear weapons, undertake not to manufacture or otherwise acquire control of such weapons. In addition, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States concur to provide assistance to non-nuclear weapon NPT members in their pursuit of peaceful uses of nuclear energy and agreed to conduct future negotiations to halt the nuclear arms buildup and strangle their nuclear weapons with a goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.Negotiations then raised aiming efforts towards gaining acceptance of these provisions by important non-nuclear weapon governments and their parliaments along for the allowance of the inspections that would be conducted by the IAEA in accordance to the NPT. India was one of these non-nuclear weapon governments of interest but despite oft active participation in the NPT negotiation, it refused to join because it wanted to retain the option to produce its own nuclear weapon as its adversary then, China had. Also, Pakistan which was another adversary of India refused to join because India would not.Israel, which the United States had tried to restrain from acquiring nuclear weapons in separate negotiations du ring the 1960s, also refused to join. China and France didnt participate much in the NPT negotiations but had acquired nuclear weapons before its negotiation was completed. The NPT draft permitted them to join the treaty with the same rights and duties as the other nuclear-weapon states when they eventually did accede to the treaty in 1992 (Bunn 2008). The practice of inspections for non-nuclear weapon parties weighed as a major concern in the egotiations at the IAEA for several years and many countries including West European allies of the United States did not ratify the treaty until these negotiations were completed to their satisfaction. Till this day, this concern is console a pressing matter at hand. In its establishment, Article X of the NPT called for a conference of its parties to be held 25 years after the treatys entry into force in 1970 to determine whether the treaty would remain in force indefinitely or for other additional periods of time.This conference was held on May 11, 1995 and began with much uncertainty regarding the nature of any extension. Leading up to this, parties of the treaty enacted review conferences every five years to revise the treaty according to the current state of nuclear arms at the time. During the 1995 review conference, non-nuclear weapon states expressed disappointment with the lack of progress toward nuclear disarmament and feared that extending the treaty indefinitely would enable the nuclear-armed states to hold on to their nuclear arsenals and disregard any accountability in eliminating them.In a different light, Indonesia and South Africa proposed efforts to tying the treatys indefinite extension to a decision to strengthen the treaty review process such as establishing of a set of principles and objectives on nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament to hold NPT states-parties, oddly the nuclear-weapon states, accountable to their commitments.Indonesia and South Africas proposal included completion of the Compr ehensive Test Ban Treaty of 1996 which banned all nuclear explosions in all environments for military or civilian purposes along with negotiations on the cutoff of fissile material production for weapons purposes. The conference also adopted a resolution calling for establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East with the goal to win support for the indefinite NPT extension from Arab states which objected to Israels status outside the NPT and its assumed possession of nuclear weapons.During the 1955 revision conference of the NPT, the decision was made to extend the NPT indefinitely and with its last revision conference held in 2010, is still on its mission to global non-proliferation (Gunter 2010). The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles and is interpreted as a three part pillar system as non-proliferation being the first, disarmament the second, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology as the third. Currently there are 189 count ries as state parties under rovisions of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The major issues that the Treaty of Nuclear Non Proliferation is facing are loopholes in NPT withdrawal, non-compliance with state parties, particularly Iran, and in a safeguard system. Also, the future utility of the treaty will be dominated by its ability to attract the major non-parties into membership. Another flaw in the Treaty is that if diversion of fissile material is discovered, then no mechanism for sanctions exists other than taking the issue to the UN Security Council.The treaty is silent on how to deal with a situation where a non-nuclear weapon state acquires unsafeguarded weapon material for reasons not permitted under the Treaty (Kaplan 2005). Israel regarded NPT adherence and the IAEA safeguards system as an insufficient guarantee that Iraq would not use nuclear technology it was acquiring to read nuclear weapons and proceed to destroy that technology. This discouraged other Arab states f rom becoming NPT parties, as this appeared to offer no protection against unilateral Israeli action.With the notion that one state such as Israel could claim the NPT technically meaningless and allowed to act on that belief without sanction, the credibility of the Treaty in the eye of many non-nuclear weapon states became undermined and brought up for much speculation. The NPT itself is silent on how to assess compliance, how to resolve compliance disputes, and what procedures to follow in the event of non-compliance. Specifically, there is no stoppage of the obligations in Articles I and II not to transfer or receive nuclear weapons.The treaty contains no wording on verification other than to require states to accept nuclear safeguards in Article III. One precedent for handling non-compliance was in the case of join Korea. North Korea announced it would withdraw from the NPT on March 12, 1993 but suspended its withdrawal in June. Ten years later on February 12, 2003, the Board o f Governors declared North Korea in non-compliance with its nuclear safeguards obligations, and referred the matter to the Security Council. The Board called upon North Korea to acknowledge its non-compliance, and fully cooperate with the Agency.North Korea stated it would withdraw from the NPT on January 11, 2003, and its official status is still uncertain. The legality of North Koreas withdrawal is tough but as of 9 October 2006, North Korea clearly possesses the capability to make a nuclear explosive device. However, other states complain of U. S. noncompliance because the United States continues to conduct research and development new types of nuclear weapons and still has yet to accept much deeper reductions in its nuclear forces.Several additional measures have been adopted to strengthen the NPT with attempts to broader the nuclear nonproliferation regime and make it difficult for states to acquire the capability to produce nuclear weapons, including the export controls of th e Nuclear Suppliers Group and the enhanced verification measures of the IAEA Additional Protocol. However, critics argue that the NPT cannot stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons or the motivation to acquire them.They express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 22,000 warheads in their combined stockpile and have shown a reluctance to disarm further. Several high-ranking officials within the United Nations have said that they can do little to stop states using nuclear reactors to produce nuclear weapons (Kaplan 2005). An issue that will require new and better strategic thinking is how shell to proceed with efforts to make the Middle East a Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) free zone.This was a controversial issue on the table during the most recent 2010 NPT Review Conference. The final document produced from the conference addressing the matter calls on all states in the region to partici pate in a conference in 2012 based on the terms of the 1995 resolution. The United States announced after the conference that it, Russia, and the United Kingdom, along with the UN secretary-general, will co-sponsor the meeting, determine a country to host it, and identify a person to organize it.The issue with this is that Egypt and other states may want to use a conference in part to criticize Israels nuclear weapons program. Also, the language of the document calls on all states in the Middle East to participate which includes a number of states that do not recognize Israel and in the past have not been willing to sit with Israeli officials in formal settings. To name a few, Iran, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria are some of these states. Therefore, such a conference would pose challenges to Israel. Iran and major Arab states would all have to reach the same satisfying terms and recognize Israeli de facto.If the conference is viewed strategically and handled carefully, it could ad vance the cause of peace and security in the region. In summation, President Barack Obama in Prague called for the peace and security of a world free of nuclear weapons on April 2, 2009. A Year later on April 8, 2010, President Obama returned to Prague a year later with President Dmitri Medvedev of Russia to sign a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty that committed both countries to cut off their deployed strategic nuclear warheads and delivery systems in accordance with agreed principles of verification.President Obama also convened a special session of the UN Security Council on September 24, 2009, which adopted Resolution 1887, which focuses on nuclear security and nonproliferation and seeking ways to enhance its means. Though the NPT has its weaknesses, it still has managed to link many countries together and has dodged the predicted amount 15 or 20 or 25 nations may have nuclear weapons that President Kennedy warned in his press conference in 1963.Today, we have nine counting North Korea but not Iran outside of the treaty. As we progress down the road to expanding non-proliferation, it is important for policy makers to keep in mind that for most states the demand for nuclear weapons is likely to derive from security considerations, and security consideration under conditions of uncertainty, especially if the states have lacking faith in the Treatys ability to make effective use of the safeguard system as we approach the 2015 NPT Review Conference.

Cell and Molecular Biology

Cell and Molecular Biology Final Name Hadeel Binomar30 pts. Protein misfolding can be an aspect of several different human disorders, including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimers disease, and atherosclerosis. Many times, the misfolded protein is a membrane protein.In fact, a theatrical role of diabetes insipidus results from a chromosomal mutation in the G-protein-coupled vasopressin 2 receptor that forestalls the protein from making it to the booth membrane A) Describe how this type of receptor would normally get targeted to the membrane (from the beginning of translation) and B) accordingly propose one mechanism by which the mutation could cause a lack of proper targeting.One of the most important proteins target is G protein-coupled receptors, several preindicationing mechanisms depend on this type of receptor to change both internal and external stimuli to the intracellular responses. Basically, one of the G couple receptor subfamilies is G-coupled Vasopressin-2- Receptor (V2R), and this receptor is going through a strict quality look into process at the endoplasmic reticulum, which fork outs the only correctly folded protein to gets through the secretory pathway.The primary break down of the V2 receptor is to activate the attached G protein that bound to the ? subunit then phosphorylated to GTP. The G protein couple receptor then activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the reaction in the ER and gets cAMP from ATP. After that, cAMP acts as a second messenger and activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the integral membrane proteins on the cell surface.Moreover, the secretory pathway organelles and the plasma membrane both atomic number 18 first introduced into the Endoplasmic reticulum, and the co-translationally proteins that can cross the ER are synthesized by the ribo close to first then binds by chaperones to gets moves to the ER surface using GTP that allows them to move toward the receptor then release it.The soluble protei ns and the integral membrane proteins as I mentioned above, can be targeted through the ER and then translocated by the same mechanism.Further, several mutations occurring in the transmembrane region which locomote the structure of the protein. These are quadruple mutation sites, much(prenominal) as mutations occurring in the amino acid residues which was acting as a causative agent for human disease.Also, there are other mutations occurring on the single site position that will affect the translation mechanism and cause many human diseases like cystic fibrosis, Alzheimers disease, and atherosclerosis that proves the function of V2R protein which plays important role in the translation during the protein folding process.One of the mechanism that may a reason for lacking the proper target protein is when the mutations of the CFTR gene occurring and affect the function of the chloride ion channels and cause defect in the protein sequences which tend to the production of diseases and misfolded of the proteins that are unable to recognize their functional destinations.Otherwise, Lack of the stop signals is another be intimate that prevents the protein from getting into the surface of the ER, also called the non-stop decay cellular pathway, because lack of this stop signals prevents mRNA from synthesis and translate the proteins, these consider as a point mutation that inhibits the essential stop codons. 30 pts. Describe the experiment shown in check 3 from the paper we discussed in class (Miller et al, 2003). (A)In your description, consider the following questions wherefore did they do it? How did they do it? What did they learn? (B) Diagram the results that you would expect to see in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4, if the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids and tell why and (C) Give two possible (different) results that might occur if the amino acid signal LxxLE in Bet1p was mutated to the amino acids DID (which are the signal in Gap1p).Diagram the results expect in Lanes T, 1, 2, 3, and 4 and explain why you predicted this result for each case.left20840701.A001.A4467225201739500The experiment was fareed to study the role of cargo binding do important of Sec24p in the process of protein sorting. To perform this study, both mutant and wild types subunit Sec23/24p and Sec23/24L616W were harvested from microsomal membranes.The immunoblotting assay performed to quantify cargo molecules using radio-labeled secondary antibodies. Comparison of the mutant subunit with wild type illustrated omission of some molecules in mutant one, these molecules were cargo protein molecules. While some of them are packed in a way that similar to the wild-type. It meant that there were some signals that remained unaffected although mutation was there.Unexpectedly, it was found that in these unaffected molecules of mutation in Sec23/24p, packaging was better than the wild type. Further, they found the proteins that were hi ghly affected had Bet1p and Gap1p/Sys1p chimera, because they completely depending on the Sys1p di-acidic of COPII vesicles. If the amino acid signal DID in the protein Gap1p was mutated to random amino acids, the resulting bands would be seen as in figure 1.A because the amino acids might be present in all the lanes. And Gap1p is undeniable for di-acidic motifs to fuse together with the COPII vesicles at the mutated domain. Also, Sys1 peptide is not involved in Sec 23/24p hence its mutation is not contained in a di-acidic motif. If the signal LxxLE was mutated to the DID, the expected Bet1p packaging would be shown in figure 2.A as not be seen in lanes containing Bet1p because the amino acid signal LxxLE does not exit after mutating to amino acids DID. The second probability for the Bet1p would be expected to bind with the vesicle for packaging when it interacts with di-acidic motifs which is needed as shown in figure 2.B290512515621000581025113030004781550412752.B002.B62865013462 02.A002.A20 pts. Explain the experiment shown in Figure 5C from the Shen et al. (2018) paper on the phosphorylation of CDC25 that we discussed in class.In addition, be sure to also address the following A) why did they do this experiment (the central issue) B) what did they learn and C) what is another control experiment they could have done? D) Would these results change if you added a constitutively active form of LKB1 to the reaction? If so, how and why? A) Overall, the main purpose of this paper is to explain how the division of cells is highly regulated such that cells that fail to pass some specific stage-based tests cannot advance to the proceeding stages.In this specific experiment, HeLa cells were subjected to chemicals that are known to activate the enzyme AMPK. Also, the main catabolic processes that are involved to generate energy for cells to transition from G1/G2 were determined by the application of radiochemical approaches, the experiment required to approve how hig hly conserved cellular energy sensor can significantly delay mitosis entry and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).Further, Wee 1 family inactivates the cell oscillation G2/M Phase which is controlled by Cdc3/cyclic B (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex). They found that AMPK-dependents phosphorylation of CDC25C arranges a metabolic control point for the M-phase transition and the cell cycle phase G2.B) Also, they acquire that suppression of Wee 1 or acute induction partially reinstates mitosis ingress in the circumstance of activated protein kinase (AMPK). This experiment showed that when Phosphorylates Cdc25 is in a suffusive and disordered state, it results into ultra-sensitivity in protein phosphorylation. C) For another control experiment, they might try exposing the U2OS (cell line) clones conditionally exhibiting Cdc25A etoposide.That will help to test whether Cdc25A degradation is significant for the G2 control point or not.D) If they add an active form of LKB1 to the reaction, the results will not change, because in cells LKBI activity inhibits AMPK activation in response to different stimulations. Also, LKBI is lost upon consistent isolation and thusly no effects of phosphates observed.20 pts.Briefly make the role of cyclin-CDK in the cell cycle and give an interpreter of positive and negative control in this system. Also, describe how cell cycle regulation links to the stimulation of apoptosis at the molecular level. In the beginning, the cell cycle depends on many basic factors that control the regulation process starting from the signal arrangement molecules, growth factors and the Cyclin Dependent Kinases enzymes include the checkpoints which control the transition process between the cell cycle phases by binding to the cyclin proteins CDKs then phosphorylate other proteins to transfer from one phase to another.The role of transcription factors is to turn on the signals for gene expression, DNA replication, and cell divis ions. As an example of CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 is a cell division cycle protein homolog 2, that has a primary role in human pubic louse cells because CDK1 rather than any types of CDKs is fatal to the mutated transformation of MYC- dependent cancer that leads to a depletion of oncogenes like (Fos and Jun) in human cancer cells.Fos and Jun are combined forms of the transcription factor called AP1 that activates the delayed response genes such as cyclin D and CDK4. Recent studies reveal that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is targeting CDF1 exhibit any other CDKs cell lines. Also, CDK1 inhibition can control and target the cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process.To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell surface receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the exp ression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC. Moreover, E2F transcription factor is a target for cyclin D and CDKs that stimulate proteins expression to initiate S phase, also E2F regulated by the tumor suppressor gene Rb (Retinoblastoma protein).At early G1 Phase, Rb protein combined with E2f to form the histone deacetylases protein that remains chromatic condensed, then cyclin kinase phosphorylates Rb protein, causing it to disassociate from E2F. That allows recruitment of histone acetylates, which decondense the chromatin and helps transcription complexes to form in G1 and S phase and to form a positive feedback.For the negative control, if there are no growth factors present to stimulate the synthesis of Cyclin D in the new cell, Rb phosphorylated will turn off, and Rb will rebind to E2F, then the cell cycle will stop and that will lead to many negative results like prevent it to bind with DNA, or DNA harm and cells will return to the G0 phase.Apopt osis is a consequence of DNA damage if the damage is not repaired, the cell cycle will divert towards apoptosis, otherwise, if the cell has DNA defects and fail to undergo apoptosis, that will change to the cancer cell. G1 phase regulators such as P53 and E2F are essential to promote the cell regulations and eliminate any damage or abnormal changes during the cell cycle.P53 has a primary function to prevent any mutation in DNA during cell progression, so any defect in P53 will lead to cancer, and its usually mutated in cancer cells. Further, Rb protein considers as a tumor suppressor and also promotes apoptosis. Additionally, most human cancers have inactive Rb protein, either mutated Rb or the non-phosphorylated (inactivated form) of Rb protein

Isolation and Alienation in Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar Essay

In Sylvia Plaths modern novel, The Bell Jar, the main character Esther isolates and alienates herself throughout the book because she mentally ill. Because her descent into a complex depression is slow and she leads a productive disembodied spirit when the reader first meets her, this descent seems rational to the reader in the beginning. Esther has an artsy soul. She is a writer and dreamer. When she does not beat it into the paternity program she is hoping for, she feels as though her life starts to lose purpose and we see her unwind.Esther is lucky enough to be spending a month in the summer in New York as a scholarship winning junior editor/ intern for a ladies magazine but she does not fuck this experience as much as she feels she should. Esther spends her evenings out and about in the glamorous city trying to forget about Buddy Willard, a son she dated in college who developed tuberculosis. Esthers feelings of depression begin on this trip as she loses interest in both her work and social life and only worsen with time.Esther begins to realize her feelings of deep discontent are not normal I knew something was wrong with me that summer, because all I could think about was the Rosenbergs and how loggerheaded Id been to buy all those uncomfortable, expensive clothesand how all the little successes Id totted up so happily at college fizzled to aught along Madison Avenue. (Plath, 1-2) Although Esther understands there is something abnormal about her emotions, it takes her a while to realize how deeply mentally ill she really is. Her peers are all prosperous and excited to be in New York pursuing their future careers but Esther is unable to share their enthusiasm in any of it. Esther begins avoiding her friends and social situations and retreats further into her own thoughts and emotions.Esthers depression steadily worsens once she returns home. She is devastated when she is informed she has been rejected from the writing program she planned on attend ing and is left unsure about what to do with her life. But when I took up my pen, my hand made big, jerky letters like those of a child, and the lines sloped down the page from left to right intimately diagonally, as if they were loops of string lying on the paper, and someone had come along and blown them askew. (Plath, 106) Esther starts noticing many odd changes with herself, such as a loss of writing talent and constant thoughts of suicide. She feels she is losing her identity as a writer and therefore her grip on reality. Esther attempts suicide more than once and is dragged to several psychiatrists and mental institutions forrader landing in a private institution in the capable hands of Dr. Nolan who helps her slowly ascend from her suffocating bell jar.This book gives the reader a look inside what it is like to be severely mentally ill. Esther avoids everyone including those who used to be her best friends and attempts suicide more than once. That is why alienation is the m ost swell theme in this novel.

Justice Is Under Threat in the Risk Society’, Is Barbara Hudson Right to Argue This?

legal expert is under threat in the endangerment fellowship, is Barbara Hudson right to argue this? In the UK the state sure what it expects of us and in response to this gives us laws that we atomic number 18 not legitimate to disobey. We currently recognize in a de f stand foro and de jure state where no one else muckle take part in violence apart from the state when needed, and the laws be come uponn as just. From the seventeenth century to the late twentieth century in that respect has been a change in inn creating a modernist era which saw the ending of feudalism and the devotement of capitalism. Hudson, 20033) This period saw changes in the way individuals lived their lives and viewed the world in that respect were semipolitical changes and systems of punishment. The changes stirred political, moral and legal philosophy the fields at whose intersection we find nicety. (Hudson, 20033) This essay go out highlight the reasons wherefore Barbara Hudson is right to a rgue that justness is under threat in the fortune caller. It will first-class honours degree outline Kants and Rawlss theory of arbiter and it will then look at what gambleiness society is.Finally it will compare if justice and the danger society are compatible apply DSPD as a case study. Immanuel Kant was an enlightenment philosopher in utilitarian with child(p)ism. He had many theories what justice is and what this office and theories on how this affected punishment. He used the devolvement of enlightenment to search for the measure of justice, whereby humans are seen as rational and cap fitting of analysis and decision making. (Hudson, 20035) Previously issues for justice for broad-minded democracies had been about the distribution of material and social goods. Hudson, 20036) However, for Kant his theory of justice rotate around the idea of individual freedom and equal freedom for all. He believes as we are all rational and capable of making are protest decisions th at we kitty all abide by the moral law. Kants moral philosophy is based on what he calls the categorical imperative, where he says Always act in such a way that you can also will that the maxim of your action should become a universal law (Kant, 19872) Meaning that you should distribute people as you would neediness to be treated, and not to an end to a means, if we do not treat people as equal then there is no justice.Rawls was a contemporary liberalist who was a student of Kants who looked to an alternative to utilitarianism in his theory of justice. (Kymlicka, 200253) His approach was intuitionism theory which he said had two features, that they constitute of plurality of first rulers and that they include no explicit methods and we are simply to strike a balance by intuition to what seems right. (Kymlicka, 200254) Rawls had two principles of justice the first was that each soul is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. (Kymlicka, 200256) He states when making decisions we should amiablely position ourselves behind a veil of ignorance for all members of society to agree, as this would lead everyone in society to be treated to a greater extent fairly as they would not know where in society they would be placed therefore limiting their risk. This way you could distribute goods completely fair without bully against anyone and by doing so you would end up with a system in which you would draw in sure the worst off are as well of as possible as we would not know which group we were going to be in the rich or the poor group of society. Baggini, 200529) Rawls second principle of justice are that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that , they are to be the greatest benefit to the least advantaged members of the society and offices and positions moldiness(prenominal) be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. Theref ore since there will be always discrepancies, members of society would agree to take part as again they would not know which group of society they fall into and by removing all inequalities to which disadvantage someone thus creating a more just society.Thus for Rawls, justice equals fairness and fairness equals proportionality. happen Society theory was developed to claim why and how society is changing. Becks and Gliddens contended they have been changes in how society works and extract that we are now living in a society of risk. Risk society is not suggesting that we live in a world with more risk but that our perception of risk has become a draw factor in our organising principle. Cited in Hudson, Ericson and Carriere say We now live in a risk society there is a drift in the public agenda away from economic inequality to the distribution and control of risks. (Hudson, 200343)There are seven key concepts to the risk society Modernity, Late Modernity, Reflexive modernisation, Manufactured uncertainty, Actuarialism, Risk distribution and Individualism. Late Modernity is the term used in the contemporary era exhibit the transformations in societies whereby there has been shift towards capitalist economies and globalisation rather than welfare approach. With late modernity you are able to look back at what had been finished and use this to armed service you prognosticate how to change in the future to limit your risk. Denny, 200528) Reflexive modernisation and manufactured uncertainty was a concept developed by Becks and Giddens who are key risk society theorists. They explain that with development of technology, this has created new and different risk and the technology we have makes us more aware of the strength risk, as the media is no longer just in the form of newspapers and television, we have access on computers and even mobile phones therefore we are able to see and hear potential risks 24 hours a day. Adam et al, 2000168) However, because we ha ve made this risk with the devolvement of technology then we are able to understand it transgress and assume we can measure them. They apply the concept of Actualarism that categorise populations according to risk, with this concept we can measure the risk and the likelihood of them happening and by doing this we can take steps in reducing and avoiding these risks. A fundamental concept in the risk society is that to avoid risk we can distribute the risk which is part of neo-liberalism.This can be seen to be used in everyday life with car insurance companies who charge an individual more money in according to the risk they pose whilst driving . Risk has become a fundamentally commodity in a capitalist society. Risk society means that risk thinking has become normalised for individuals in everyday life, every decision we make we think about the risk connected to it. The rise of individualism has seen that individuals will purchase the best risk protection they can without thinking a bout the weaker person in society.Hudson states that we now forethought crime from one another and because of this we want people who threaten us to be removed from our environment to eliminate the risk, this has been a contributing factor to why society has become more punitive. (Hudson, 200345) In the risk society g everyplacenance is directed at the provision of security and experience of security usually rests on a balance of trust and pleasant risk in the form of guarantees and predictability. These risks become objectified negative images of utopias where people are no longer concerned with obtaining the good but rather, preventing the worst.A key question for liberal theorists is how much liberty should be traded for the level of security. In todays society the state controls and governs the way in which we live our lives. Society has handed over the power to the state through a social contract whereby we give up some of our liberty in the hope the government are able to pr otect us from potential risks. One of the effects of this is that we let the government control how they punish offenders.Bentham and Kant, two unitlitarists held different views on Punishment, For Bentham he said it is inherently bad, Bentham, a ulitarian and theorist for punishment stated, cited in Ashworth that moral actions are those that produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. (Ashworth, 201079) Therefore to justify punishment we must do so by showing its utility. However Kant thought that punishment was good and there was a duty that the offender got their just deserts through his principle of equality. (Duff and Garland, 1994 141) The reason for punishing must serve as a justification for that punishment.The just dessert model means that you should get the punishment you be by receiving a sentence that it is proportionate to the offence you have committed. (Scott, 2008, 199) Indeterminate sentencing which is associated with utilitarianism is linked t o the risk society and justice, as because they believe we can measure risk they think we can make predictions for future crimes. However, by punishing someone for a crime they have done this in turn will help centralise crime in the belief that fear will stop others from committing the same crime. Honderich, 200626-27) However, it is immoral and there is no justice to give someone a harsher sentence and make an example of them in the hope of helping to deter others from the same crime. Hirschs study found that harsher sentences do not deter others and reduce crime rate. (Hirsch, 19993) Indeterminate sentences transgress the reason and justification for punishment, by admitting guilt for the initial offence they assume they are guilty of reoffending therefore are tending(p) longer prison sentences for the good of society this cannot be just..A problem for justice when punishing an offender is the need to address justice for whom the offender or victim, what constitutes justice for the victim will not mean justice for the offender there will always be a problem balancing the two. Risk circumspection is linked to the decision making and minimising harm, it seeks to predict the outcome and the potential for harm. (Denny,119) With this acutalarisms approach to risk assessment disappears and gives rise to false positives.False positives are when an individual is wrongly predicted as being likely to reoffend these people would not have offended if they were free. (Scott, 200824) Since society has become more aware of risks there is more pressure for the Criminal Justice System and Government to limit these risks. This can be seen in Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder Act. DSPD is a disease that the government made up to so they could incarcerate people who had this illness as they believe they pose a risk to society The emergence of psychosocial diagnoses reflected the prevalence of medicalization. by saying its a medical problem they are saying there is s omething wrong with the individual rather than society. When an individual is diagnosed with DSPD they are not sent to a mental hospital, they are placed in units in high security prisons even if they have not committed an offence. (Corbett and Westwood, 2005122) There is mandatory incarceration, and you are asked to volunteer for cognitive skills programmes to treat the disorder, however if you dont volunteer then you will not be released although even if you do volunteer you may never be released.However, many clinicians believe that it cannot be treated and that they are more likely to be a danger to themselves than to others. (Scott, 2008117). DSPD cause a great deal of broil as it has no legal or medical base many say this disorder does not exist and the government have only put it in place as they think these individuals pose a risk to society, this demonises sections of the population. (Hirsch et al, 2009155) DSPD manifests Becks analysis of the risk society and the approach es to understanding the notion of risk.Any person diagnosed with this the risk society may constitute them as unmanageable, such that increasingly complex systems of rational control are required to ensure future public safety. (Corbett and Westwood, 2005125) DSPD highlights one of the reasons why justice is not compatible in the risk society, it is not just to incarcerate someone because they have an illness, and it goes against Rawls and Kants principle of justice. As we now live in a risk society it is more difficult have justice for all.There is a belief that we can assess how dangerous a person is, not only on past events but even if they have a medical illness as society thinks they can measure and predict risk. As society demands more security from risks, the government has had to undermine justice as there is more demand for those who threaten our security to be brought to justice. Hudson states that liberal theories leave unanswered the question how much liberty maybe curta iled to prevent how much harm. (Hudson, 2003205) If society demands more security from risk they would have less liberty.If society was to use Rawls principle of the veil of ignorance then they would be less likely to ask for more security as they would not now what position they would be in. The demand for justice and security conflicts with each other , the discourse of risk requires indeterminate sentencing and stands in the way of justice and the government need to appear to make the world less dangerous and the fairness and rights of the offender is put aside, as the elimination of risk is deemed to be more important.The equal balance of justice and risk cannot happen as by having justice for one person maybe creating a risk for another and vice versa and in todays society there is more emphasis on control of risk. The risk society is fundamentally taking away the values of liberal society by using people as a means to an end, by the elimination fairness and proportionality. Th e explosion of risk-focused technologies has been a contributing factor to the risk society as we are now more aware of risks and as we have developed them we believe we can measure them and predict them although this not always correct which means that there is no justice for all.Justice is thus a state of relationships which brings about equilibrium in the free exercise of will but this does not happen in a risk society as it threatens the definition of justice. To legitimise the state and governments actions they create more risk as a state in fear is an easier one to control. Hudson has highlight that towards the end of the 20th Century they was a move from risk management to risk control and it is now embedded in our society. Hudson,200360) As we can see from the issues highlighted it is inevitable that Barbara Hudson is correct to say that justice is under threat in the risk society. Bibliography Denney. D (2005) Risk and Society, London, quick of scent Scott. D (2008) Penolo gy, London, Sage Duff. A, Garland. D (1994) A reader on Punishment, Oxford, Oxford University Press Von Hirsch. A, Ashworth. A, Roberts. J (2009) Principled Sentencing readings on theory and practice, North America, Hart Publishing Kymlicka. W (2002) Contemporary semipolitical Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press ONeill.O (2000) Bounds of Justice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Cudworth. E, Hall. T, McGoverm. J (2007) The Modern State, Theories and Ideologies, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Baggini. J (2005) The Pig That Wants to Be Eaten And Ninety-Nine Other Thought Experiments, London, Granta Publications Adam, Beck, Van Loon, (2000) The Risk Society and Beyond, Critical Issues for Social Theo Ashworth, A, (2010) Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Cambridge Cambridge University Pressry, London, Sage Honderich, T (2006) Punishment, London Pluto PressHirsch, V (1999) Criminal deterrence and sentence severity an analysis of young research, London Sage Hudson, B (2003) Justice in the Risk Society, London, Sage Kant. I (1987) The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, New York, Macmillan Publishing Corbett. K, Westwood. T Dangerous and severe nature disorder A psychiatric manifestation of the risk society, Critical Public Health,15(2) 121133

Jacksonian Democrats DBQ Essay

In the 1820s and 1830s, the capital of Mississippiian Democrats, with Andrew capital of Mississippi as their leader, viewed themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. However, this view did not truly represent the actions taken by President Andrew Jackson and his followers, it was provided a faade put option up to mask their sectionalist ideas.One of the disparities in the views and actions of the Jacksonian Democrats involved social equality. Jackson repeatedly held sectionalist views and did things that were better for the average, poor community than for the country as a whole. One such example of this is sh birth in Documents B and C involving the National Bank. In his National Bank veto message in Document B, Jackson says, It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes. Jackson singles out the wealthier class and accuses them of being selfish. Because this ridiculous observe has no intelligent purpose other than to create an enormous, nationwide class clash, it must be happen uponn as evidence that Jackson was a sectionalist.Daniel Webster responded to this message in Document C by stating, It manifestly seeks to inflame the poor against the rich for the purpose of turning against them the other class the prejudices and the resentments of the other classes. Daniel Webster is saying what was previously mentioned. It was as though Jackson was trying to anger the poor to turn against the rich. Jacksons actions show that his primary goal was not to help the country, but to address his own personal issues. This completely contrasts the Jacksonian Democrats view of themselves. The Jacksonians thought that they were acting in the best interest of the country, where they were truly thinking about their own needs.The Constitutional rights of the state were also violated during the Jackson presidency. In Document F, we see that South Carolina had resolved that fellow states would make it a crime to print, publish, or distribute anything that was anti-slaveholding. They did this because slavery was their economic backbone, and without it, their economy would plummet. South Carolina was requesting that a sectionalist opinion be enforced over a constitutional right. If Jackson was really what he claimed to be, he would hurl rejected this request. However, he willingly violated the Constitution and abused his Presidential power when he told Postmaster General Amos Kendall to censor all of the mail.Next, in Document G, we see a painting that shows what happened to the Native Americans during the Trail of Tears. Earlier in Jacksons life, he was a General for the American army. His most notable campaigns were the wars with the Seminole Indians. Jackson had a strong hatred towards the Seminoles when he was a General that carried over to his presidency. His decisions and treaties to force the Native Americans out of their land show that he only had his order of business in mind and that he was a true sectionalist. These actions violated one of the fundamental Constitutional rights that our country was founded on, freedom.The Jacksonian Democrats view of themselves was not entirely perfect because of the class issues and disregard of the Constitution during Jacksons presidency. Jackson forced the Native Americans out of their land, repeatedly created class clashes, and held sectionalist views. The principles behind these actions were the antitheses of those that this country was founded on. This not only shows the hypocrisy of the Jacksonian Democrats, but it proves that they did not accurately view themselves.

Poetry Project Essay

Introduction These poems are all written based reach of my, Miciahs, opinions. I have a distinct perspective on religion, therefore I chose to write a poem describing hate and love and how I issue religion is a dumb idea. My poem is titled Hate and Love, based off of the poem call down and Ice by Robert Frost. In it I concur to what religion claims, symbolically saying that religion is wrong and not serious. I utilize the same exact syllables and rhyme scheme as Fire and Ice by Robert Frost. Pie is simply an original poem by me.It has no significant meaning what-so-ever. I also have a sense of caprice therefore I wrote poems that are humorous yet meaningful if the subscriber decides to read deeper into the meaning of Clothes. In this poem I humanized clothes to the pointedness where clothes are smart and can do actions. Again, if the reader reads deep into this poem, he/she can see that family is symbolized as the clothes. In the first two lines, the reader can read that Famil y (the clothes) keeps you from existence embarrassed. I also wrote a short haiku titled My Name Is.I titled this after one of my favorite songs by one of my favorite rappers, My Name Is by Eminem. In this Haiku, based off of the original poem after Basho by Carolyn Kizer, I describe myself as a person that people who dont accredit me well just see me as a kid by the name of Miciah. But for those who know me can call me friend whether or not they really are a good friend. This is based off of my first few weeks of high give instruction here at Sacred Heart, a lot of people didnt know me as a person but they knew of me/ just knew my name.I used the three unrhymed lines of five, s until now and five syllables found in the haiku After Basho by Carolyn Kizer. Once Called category is a meaningful poem that I colligate with my really years about my life before and during fostercare before I got adopted. This poem that I wrote is based off of Tyger by William Blake. I chose this poem a s the model for my poem because it is a powerful poem with a rhyme and rhyme scheme that would work with the meaning of the poem. I used the imagery, pattern and rhyming in a similar manor to William Blakes poem Tyger.Poetry is simply about how I am not meant to be a poet. It has a similar subject as How Poetry Comes to Me by Gary Snyder in the sense that they both are relating poetry and themselves to create a poem. infra my bed is another(prenominal) haiku that doesnt have a deep meaning but is based off of Matsuo Bashos Under Cherry Trees. Bashos haiku talks about chthonian a cherry tree whereas my poem is more humorous, and is about the underside of my bed. Clothes Clothes are debatably the smartest things ever made They keep your junk from being displayed.But not only that, They are good resting grounds for your domestic cat Clothes are clothes and will never change Unless you and a friend decide to exchange My Name Is Who am I, you ask? I am known as Miciah But to most, just Friend (Based on After Basho by Carolyn Kizer) Hate and Love People say the world will end in hate Some say in love But, please, permit us not discriminate I think we could live without the hate For those thinking of an above Have another thing coming their way Was agriculture in fact spotted by that dove? But neigh I say.Not the right glove (Based on Fire and Ice by Robert Frost) Pie I like pie, And you like pie. Boy Arent we cool? Once Called Home Home is to live in a place you love Home feels like a place sent from above Its free from the hatred and disgust It clears you a nice path from the dust The dust is dummy up in the air for me Hatred and disgust roams just freely Formerly, home was a place I cherished But, out of the blue, my home perished Everything I appreciate and cared for Left me and isnt here anymore The pain rubbed so much it left blisters.But at least I got my two sisters Being forced to leave someone named mom Feels like a kiloton blast from a bomb I despis e what home has made of me But what I shall annoy of home, well see (Based on Tyger by William Blake) Poetry Although fun at times, I am not much of a poet. Take this poem for example, It doesnt even make sense Bananas. (Based on How Poetry Comes to Me by Gary Snyder) Under My Bed There is something there Dust bunnies, mold and all It kind of scares me (Based on Under Cherry Trees by Matsuo Basho).

Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing Essay

With the unprecedented increase and spread of knowledge, there is no wonder why tumid Information Technology companies take a leak been investment funds in the pervert. To expand, when referring to Cloud Computing, this means to access and salt away information not stored with in your calculating machine whether it be public, private, or hybrid haze over work out. In technological terms, the server you argon accessing is somewhere else and therefore, the information and tools you ar using are up in the clouds but more so stored in an early(a)(prenominal) server space. However, whether you are paying for services through software, total physical exercise, or free usage (hence the types of cloud services) Cloud Computing seems to be everywhere. Yet, it is important to recognize what is to gain by using cloud computing from big businesses to psyche users and what are some risky moves when utilizing cloud storage over the Internet. Hence, the content of this news report imp art discuss the pros and cons of cloud computing and where cloud computing is headed in todays online society. DiscussionMoving forward, large companies use private cloud computing on the grounds that it is far more affordable to store and run programs in a server space designed for processing, saving and running information applications and so on. The biggest noticeable advantages in cloud computing have to be the ease of running programs with out installing any new applications (since the provider installs it for you in their cloud), and payment depends on membership, and which billing method you chose for example, monitored payment or a flat rate (Mitchell). However, there are competing companies such as Google Apps Marketplace, Windows Azure, Amazon Web Services, victory Factors, and so on, that make cloud computing affordable on different user levels. These levels range from individual interest to larger company interests.For example, a company may need thousands of gigabytes worth of storage plot I may need a few gigabytes of storage. So when paying for space I will be able to only buy what I need. Additionally, using the cloud allows a user great mobility since an individual with an account can access the cloud from any computing device (laptop, desktop, tablet, or phone) that has on hand(predicate) Internet access. more than importantly, its easier for multiple users to access the same document and not overload the formation and backs up data without someone having to amaze about the location. therefore, utilizing a third-party agreement server, Cloud Computing perks domiciliate cheaper, reliable storage and retrieval of information.Figure 1 Although Cloud Computing sounds like a at rest service for businesses and users to take advantage of, there are downsides for paying or using cloud servers. Instances include, system shut downs for maintenance, access of data after canceling a membership, and more importantly privacy. Yet, a simple down side would be What if someone uploads data into the cloud server and suddenly loses Internet connection? The answer would be upset time and an incomplete data upload, not to mention the hassle of finding Internet connection over again to access the clouds server only to attempt to upload the same work one time more.On the some other hand, looking back at the 2011 Google Docs incident, when an outage delayed user interaction for an hour scratch line in the UK and then slip byed the US (McCaney). Many organizations and race couldnt access or exchange files via the cloud. So accidents happen, and although people lost out on time and information sharing, no files were reportedly lost. Even so, accidents including occlusion to outages, are rare natural occurrences, yet, inevitable for the current time. Not only are there outages to worry for also, according to Hamad Subani, he asserts thatSince most of the major Cloud Computing servers are operated by companies based in the coup led States, data you put on your Cloud is subject to American law. Which is also true since government activity only need to file a subpoena to get the information, yet, once information is shared warrants are needed and such (Subani). Hence, privacy is compromised, but to an extent. If someone is engaging in illegal file transfers on a cloud server, it already violates the consumer to provider contract therefore a person is better run into keeping their illegal activities to themselves. Other than that, cloud computing is relatively safe. Cloud Computing SimplifiedPros brassy services, reliable, extra storage space, no worry about the server location Cons No privacy, and you must have internet access, maintenance. After going through the pros and cons of cloud computing, it is necessary to analyze where such services are headed in the near to distant future. According to Brian Donaghy, Market Research Media says the cloud market will reach $270 billion in 2012 and Gartner predi cts it will be over the $148 billion mark by 2014, much greater than Forresters forecast of over $118 billion for the same year.Without a doubt, cloud computing will celebrate to rake in the profits since increasing needs for IT services are inflating the clouds development. In perspective, hearty networks (like YouTube or Skype) outsource their work to cloud services to help store user data. More so, it seems as if digital life is linked to the storage systems of cloud servers.Think about it, with out a back up storage in the cloud, there wouldnt be a free YouTube, Tumbler, and blogging would basically be news posts by big businesses. Cloud computing will continue to advance in ways that further accommodates all online users. About the only disadvantage of this are those with out Internet connection, the people left out of the Internet community. However, for the time being, cloud computings growth in the United States and American websites using cloud resources, prove to be hel pful in the spreading of information from social to private perspectives of data usage.ConclusionHence, it is evident that cloud computing will be growing exponentially so long as the Information Technology sector continues to be in high demand. Therefore it is up to the consumers individual needs to decide if cloud computing would help them keep tabs with their data usage online or if using their own memory on their computer is a better decision. On the other end, companies should use Cloud Computing servers as a cheaper form of Information Technology management. Especially since place in a mainframe computer would be far more costly than having some other company do all the work for you for a smaller fee. Therefore, cloud computing will definitely be a primary factor in the growth and facilitation of online data usage and continue to knock over modern technology.BibliographyBauer, Eric and Randee Adams. The Reliability and Availability of Cloud Computing. Hoboken Wiley, 2012. D onaghy, Brian. Where is Cloud Computing Headed in 2013? 8 November 2012. 1 February 2013 . McCaney, Kevin. Google, Microsoft cloud crashes Is this the new normal? 12 September 2011. 15 February 2013 . Mitchell, Bradley. What is Cloud Computing. 2013. 15 February 2013 . Mururgesan, San. Cloud Computing The current Normal? January 2013. IEEE Xplore (digital library). 1 February 2013. Subani, Hamad. Ten Reasons Why Cloud Computing is a Bad Idea. 2 June 2009. 14 February 2013 . Weinman, Joe. Cloudonomics the business value of cloud computing. 4 September 2012. WorldCat (database engine). 1 February 2013.

Leisure Essay Essay

Al virtually all toldone has some kind of unoccupied date whether it is a couple hours or a couple days. What varies is the type of recreational activities people choose to do during that m. Although unoccupied and recreation is chosen based on ones unique individual interests, in that respect ar umteen an(prenominal) sociocultural factors that check the type of recreational activities we do, when we do it and how often we do it. These factors include political, ghostly, sociable, biological and many an(prenominal) others. The sociocultural factor that is most dominant in influencing my unfilled and recreation is the purlieual factor.Environmental factors that influence my untenanted include the locality or ara that I live in, the weather/climate, and besides the family finis I was raised in. These factors facilitate the vacant activities I am able to do and constrain reliable activities as well. The economic factor also has some influence on my empty and recrea tion. I summon interest in many recreational activities but these factors have great influence on the activities I can do. When constructing my seven day cartridge clip map, there were a treat of general patterns that I observe in terms of when I do my daily activities.First of all, working out in the lycee was one of my most regular recreational activities. I worked out at around the same time every afternoon, right after my morning university classes. On some occasions, after my work out, I play basketball and that was the unless other physical drill I engaged in. Moreover, a lot of my empty was used socializing at home with my family and containing movies with them. Other activities I did in my leisure was watch television, check my social media messages to keep in touch with sensations, and watch games and highlights of the brags I follow.These argon all indoor(prenominal) leisure activities which I have easy access too. In my time map some activities were uncerta in as to whether they were considered leisure or not. For example there argon countless periods throughout the week where I engage in prayer. I do not deem this activity leisure because it is considered a religious duty or responsibility. Although my time map has periods of leisure, overall there is not much time for leisure and recreation as majority of my time is sacrificed for school.To sum up, my time map shows that many of my recreational activities argon molded in distinct ways instead of macrocosm placed at random, which shows that there ar many factors that influence my leisure. An environmental factor that has a big influence in constraining my leisure is Torontos cold climate. Before I came to Canada, majority of my recreation consisted of vie outdoor sports such(prenominal) as cricket and soccer. I no longer play those sports as the weather is too cold and unsuitable for those outdoor activities.One thing to note is that in Canada, encouragement for tiddlerren to pla y sports is lacking and there has been a trend showing fewer and fewer children participating in sport since the 1990s (http//publications. gc. ca/collections/ sight/CH24-1-2000-1E. pdf? ). It could be possible that growing up in that kind of environment as a child influenced the lack of importance I give to sport during my leisure time. Many immigrants who come to Canada have to adjust and change their way of life, including what they do in their recreation (Khandor, 2011).Most peeledcomers slowly start assimilating to the sports that argon popular in Toronto (Khandor, 2011). In Parissa Safais lecture on newcomers, she stated that the more younger the immigrant is when they survive to Canada, the more easily they assimilate to Canadas sport culture. When I came to Canada I slowly started playing basketball more and more every year because that was the best way for me to make friends and fit in to the new environment. Furthermore, during the winter months, basketball was the only sport I had access too because there were indoor courts available.These environmental factors inclined me to choose basketball as my main recreation in terms of competitive sport and now it is one of my favorite sports. It was hard for me to engage in my previous recreational activities because nobody enjoyed playing soccer or cricket. This constrained my choices in terms of what kind of recreational activities I wanted to do. other(prenominal) factor that separated me from playing sports such as soccer and cricket were economic factors. During the winter season, the only way I could play these sports was if I joined the indoor leagues but these leagues were quite a expensive.Coming from a middle class family, these extra expenses were hard to manage and sustain. Soon it became too much and so I had to quit and buzz off other recreational activities to do in my leisure. Due to these various sociocultural factors, my inter-group communication in certain sports was severely hampe red while other sports such as basketball were immensely facilitated. another(prenominal) environmental factor that really controls when I do my leisure is the area or locality where I live. I do not live in a prestigious area and thus there are many things lacking such as recreation centers and gyms.Your built environment influences how physically officious you are because you are more likely engage in healthy recreational activities if they are cockeyed and easily accessible to you (Handy, Susan et al, 2002). As Professor Humana discussed in his lecture, your environment and community plays a big lineament in what kind of recreational activities you do and how frequently you do them. The closest gym to me is on my university campus, most one hour away and the membership is also cheap. As a result, I tend to unceasingly do my weightlifting workout right after my morning university classes as shown on my time map.I know that if I commute home right after class instead of dive rgence to the campus gym, it becomes a lot more difficult to achieve that recreation later on. Waiting in the cold and winning the bus for one hour just to workout is a lot more unappealing and thus would drive me away from engaging in this recreational activity. Because I am already on campus, I realize naturally that it is my only chance to go to the gym and workout as there is no recreational facility around where I live. This space and environment factor encourages and facilitates me to take part in this recreational activity at that specific time.In addition, I have a close friend who also goes to the gym at around the same time and we always workout together. Whenever I go to the gym with him, workouts are done more efficiently and competently because we always motivate one another and push each other to the limit. Being in an environment where the workout is intense and done thoroughly gives me added incentive to go to the gym at that specific time. On top of that, I enjoy being in an environment where I am doing recreation with a friend as opposed to doing it by myself.These environmental factors, especially the locality/area factor, manipulate when I choose to do this type of leisure and facilitate how frequent I am in doing it. A good amount of my leisure time comprises of spending time with my family at home, whether it is watching a movie with them or just socializing. This recreational activity has a lot to do with the family environment I was raised in. Asian cultures tend to put a big emphasis on family obligation and having positive family relationships (Fuligni, Tseng, and Lam, 1999).In these cultures, a persons judge in society is measured by how strong their family bond, including their distant relatives (Fuligni, Tseng, and Lam, 1999). In my family culture, spending time with your family is strategic as it shows good etiquette and respect. Whenever my parents have leisure time they always spend it doing something with the family as oppo sed to going out with their friends or doing something on their own. My father has always had a tradition of bringing home movies for the upstanding family to watch together on the weekend. This gave me a family-first mentality so whenever I get leisure time, they are my first priority.As a child I have always seen this positive family atmosphere so it is natural for me to spend my leisure time with them. All in all, choosing to spend my leisure with my family is greatly facilitated by the environment I grew up in. One aspect of my recreation that is severely prevented because of environmental factors is the opportunities I get to socialize and go out with my friends. All my friends live out of walking distance from me so it takes quite a bit of travel to reach their places. The cold, winter environment makes it even more difficult for me to have up with them and vice versa.Other environmental factors such as buses taking so long to pay back also make it hard to socialize or go o ut with anybody. Furthermore, there is a lot of construction around the area where I live and thus it is a long walk out front I can get to any kind of transportation. In developing neighborhoods and areas the built environment are poorly constructed and thus there is minimal transport or transport is hard to access (Handy, Susan et al, 2002). The halt winter weather, along with all these other factors really constrains my ability to socialize with my friends and go out.The only measure I am able to socialize with my friends are if we meet up right after our university classes. In addition, sometimes economical factors also constrain my ability to socialize with my friends. Often times when my friends want to go out, the leisure activity requires a lot of money. Some examples include going to the movies, fancy restaurants, buffets, skiing and many more. I do not have a job and my parents do not think it is infallible to be spending so much money on leisure and recreational activ ities.As a result of all these many factors, I am restrained from going out with my friends and thus they are rarely part of my leisure activities. A big part of my leisure and recreation includes going on the internet. This includes all the social media sites such as twitter, facebook, skype and many others. Furthermore, it includes the various sports web sites I go on to see the highlights and get updated with the latest scores. Surfing the internet is a type of recreation that almost every student is familiar with. The amount of students that spend time on the internet has gone up at an exponential rate over the past five years (Aguiar, 2006).I believe there are many factors that lead me and many others to use our leisure time surfing the internet. Firstly, we live in an environment where the internet is accessible almost anywhere you go. You can access it through your cell phone, laptop or computer. Also, I do not live close to any of my friends and it is difficult to meet up wi th them in such cold weather conditions. In a way, this gives me incentive to go on these various social media sites so I can keep in touch with my friends and stay updated. In fact, statistical abbreviation shows that social media is by far the most popular sites that students visit on the internet (http//nces. ed. gov/pubs2006/2006065. pdf).I also use the internet to stay updated with my favorite sports. During the school year there is not enough leisure time to sit down for hours and watch sports games. With the internet available almost all the time, you can find out the score and watch quick highlights so you can still have some leisure in a work filled day. On the whole, with the cold winter environment keeping me indoors majority of the time, there is a lot more incentive for me to use an indoor activity such as the internet, during my leisure time.The cold weather climate also has influence on the remaining leisure activities I part take in. These activities include watchi ng television, listening to music or just restful on my bed. What all these activities have in common are that they are indoor activities and easy to access. Of all the environmental factors, the climate had the greatest affect on my leisure. Although leisure and recreation may seem to be things that are done with a lot of freedom and agency, that is not the case. There are many unfathomable factors and circumstances that dictate what type of recreational activities you take part in and when your leisure time occurs.Because I was born outside of Canada, in a hot and humid country, I feel that environmental factors had the biggest and most glaring affect on my leisure and recreation. The patterns and frequencies of my leisure activities made me reflect on what factors facilitated some of my recreation. My inability to take part in some of the leisure activities I liked, showed me the factors that constrict some of my recreation. In conclusion, I learned that although we choose the type of leisure and recreation we participate in and enjoy, that too is influence by certain factors. References Aguiar, M.(2006).Measuring trends in leisure The allocation of time over five decades. Cambridge, Massachusetts subject Bureau of Economic Research. http//www. nber. org. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/papers/w12082 Culture Statistics Program. 1998. Sport Participation in Canada. Statistics Canada. http//publications. gc. ca/collections/ order/CH24-1-2000-1E. pdf? Fuligni, A. J. , Tseng, V. and Lam, M. (1999), Attitudes toward Family Obligations among American Adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European Backgrounds. Child Development, 70(4), 10301044. doi 10. 1111/1467-8624. 00075.Handy, S. L. , Boarnet, M. G. , Ewing, R. , & Killingsworth, R. E. (2002). How the built environment affects physical activity. American diary of preventive medicine, 23(2), 64-73. Khandor, E. (2011). The global city Newcomer health in toronto. Ebrary version. Toronto Ontario Toronto Pub lic Health Access bail Multicultural Health and Community Services. http//celarc. ca. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/cppc/232/232994. pdf MARCIVE-York University. 9/21/2006. Computer and internet use by students in 2003 statistical analysis report. http//nces. ed. gov/pubs2006/2006065. pdf.